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The National Irrigation Congress was held periodically in the Western United States beginning in 1891 and ending in 1916, by which time the organization had changed its name to International Irrigation Congress.〔("California Invitation," ''Los Angeles Times,'' October 2, 1912, page 15 ) This article includes the first mention of the new name of the organization.〕〔("Abundance of Water," ''Los Angeles Times,'' October 17, 1916, page 11 ) This article is the last one about this organization under either name.〕 It was a "powerful pressure group."〔(Phillip W. Studenberg, "Acreage Limitation and the Applicability of the Reclamation Extension Act of 1914," ''South Dakota Law Review,'' 21 S.D.L. Rev. 737 (1976) )〕 ==Nineteenth century== 1891 The first congress was organized in Salt Lake City, Utah, by William Ellsworth Smythe, the editor of the publication ''Irrigation Age'', Elwood Mead, a Wyoming irrigation engineer, and Senator Francis E. Warren of Wyoming. As a result, irrigation became a substantial national issue.〔(Donald J. Pisani, ''To Reclaim a Divided West: Water, Law, and Public Policy, 1848- 1902,'' Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press (1992), cited in Peter J. Hill, "The Bureau of Reclamation as a Bad Public Good," Northwestern University Law School Searle Center website )〕 The congress passed a resolution urging that public lands controlled by the federal government be turned over to the states and territories "needful of irrigation."〔("Irrigation Congress," ''Los Angeles Times,'' September 18, 1891, page 4 ) ''Access to this link requires the use of a library card.''〕 Between 450 and 600 delegates attended.〔("Arid Lands," ''Los Angeles Times,'' September 16, 1891, page 1 ) ''Access to this link requires the use of a library card.''〕〔("Irrigation Congress," ''Los Angeles Times,'' December 29, 1892, page 4 ) ''Access to this link requires the use of a library card.''〕 1893 The panic of 1893 undermined financial backing for the congress;〔(Lawrence B. Lee, "The Little Landers Colony of San Ysidro," ''San Diego History Journal,'' winter 1975 )〕 nevertheless, the second conference opened in August 1893 in the Grand Opera House in Los Angeles, California, with an address by John P. Irish of San Francisco and the presence of a number of foreign representatives who had responded to an appeal by the State Department to attend the meeting. They came from France, Russia, Mexico, Ecuador and New South Wales.〔("Irrigation: The International Congress Opens," ''Los Angeles Times, October 11, 1893, page 4 ) ''Access to this link requires the use of a library card.''〕 The body also appointed commissioners in every state and territory to survey arid lands and submit the results to the U.S. Congress.〔("The Next Irrigation Congress," ''Los Angeles Times, April 1, 1894, page 18 ) ''Access to this link requires the use of a library card.''〕 C.W. Allingham of Los Angeles introduced his "heliomotor," a sun-powered engine that he said could be used to pump irrigation water.〔( "The Irrigationists," ''The Record-Union,'' Sacramento, October 13, 1893, page 1 )〕 The ''Los Angeles Times'' reported: He said it might be stated that the idea was a cranky one, but it must be remembered that it was the cranks that made things move. (Laughter.)〔("Hard at Work," ''Los Angeles Times,'' October 13, 1893, page 4 ) ''Access to this link requires the use of a library card.''〕 1894 The congress in Omaha, Nebraska,〔("Irrigationists Assemble at Omaha," ''Los Angeles Times,'' March 24, 1894, page 1 ) ''Access to this link requires the use of a library card.''〕 was highlighted by adoption of a plan to settle 250 families in a planned community called New Plymouth in Idaho. "Farmers were . . . restricted to living no more than two miles away from their crops, and the sale of alcohol was banned . . . to keep the farmers sober and well-mannered at all times."〔("New Plymouth," UltimateIdaho.com website )〕 John Wesley Powell, director of the United States Geological Survey, "talked of the storm-water storage plan. He thought that this was still an experiment. In Utah and California, where it had been tried, it had been successful."〔("Anti-Drought," ''Los Angeles Times,'' March 22, 1894, page 1 ) ''Access to this link requires the use of a library card.'' The ''Times'' reported that "Buffalo Bill" spoke at the convention, but it did not say which of the two claimants to the title, Bill Cody or Bill Comstock, gave the speech.〕 1895 A congress held in Albuquerque, New Mexico, in 1895 adopted a resolution that stated in part: We declare that it should be the policy of (United States ) Congress to frame laws which will enable the people to obtain possession of the arid public lands upon terms which bear a fair relation to the cost of reclamation, and that this cost should be regulated by public authority. . . . We earnestly ask for the creation of a National Irrigation Commission . . . to be composed of men familiar with the condition of the arid region and including a representative of skilled engineers. We would have this commission empowered to use the facilities of the Department of the Interior or Agriculture and of War.〔("Resolutions Call for an Appropriation to Continue Work in Progress," ''New York Times,'' September 30, 1895 ) ''Access this link requires a subscription to the newspaper or its website.''〕 1896 At the fifth congress in Phoenix, Arizona, A.G. Wolfenbarger of Nebraska described the West as "a country destined to become at some future time the very Garden of the Gods, the home of intelligence, learning, riches, philanthropy, everything that can measure the power and greatness of a great nation . . . millions of people are waiting to be led out into these great plains waiting to welcome them to a home that will make them absolutely independent."〔(Ted Bartimus, Associated Press, in "Colorado River: For the Source of Life in the West, Demand Is Overtaking Supply," ''Los Angeles Times'' )〕 1897 The congress of 1897 in Lincoln, Nebraska, which attracted representatives from thirteen states, was opened with an address by E.R. Moses, chairman of the national executive committee, who said: We irrigationists are satisfied that (U.S. ) Congress will have to adopt our plan of preventing the overflow of large streams by the storage of waters near the () heads in such a manner as to feed the stream at times of low water, and at other times to be used in irrigation, navigation, and manufacturing industries . . . and large tracts of arid land can be reclaimed by these waters and opened for settlement.〔("Irrigation Congress Meets," ''New York Times,'' September 29, 1897 ) ''Access this link requires a subscription to the newspaper or its website.''〕 Defeated Democratic candidate for the U.S. Presidency William Jennings Bryan told the delegates he was opposed "to turning over large bodies of land to corporations controlling water rights, unless safeguards were thrown around the transaction to protect small holders of irrigable land."〔("The Irrigation Congress," ''New York Times,'' September 30, 1897 ) ''Access this link requires a subscription to the newspaper or its website.''〕 1898 The 1898 congress in Cheyenne, Wyoming, called for the federal government to allocate "no less than $100,000 for hydrographic surveys for the measurement of streams and the survey of reservoir sites" and urged the formation of a forestry bureau.〔("National Irrigation Congress," ''New York Times,'' September 4, 1898 ) ''Access this link requires a subscription to the newspaper or its website.''〕 But a Colorado legislator reportedly likened the America West "to a graveyard, littered with defunct irrigation corporations."〔(Marc Reisner, "Cadillac Desert" )〕 1899 A battle developed at the 1899 Wichita, Kansas, meeting of another Western body — the Trans-Mississippi Congress — over the stand by the National Irrigation Congress favoring federal "storage reservoirs" and the "leasing of the public grazing lands by the states without cession and those who advocated the public lands to the States and Territories." After much debate, the Trans-Mississippi group endorsed the policy of the Irrigation Congress.〔("Trans-Mississippi Desires," ''New York Times,'' June 3, 1899 ) ''Access this link requires a subscription to the newspaper or its website.''〕 1900 The 1900 meeting of the Irrigation Congress in Chicago, Illinois, featured a paper read by Captain Hiram M. Chittenden of the Army Corps of Engineers contending that the best way to get the U.S. Congress to act on irrigation was to "divorce the storage reservoir problem from that of irrigation in general, that the former is properly within the field of the General Government, and is in a fair way to secure favorable action by Congress, provided that it is well understood that no attempt will be made to involve the Government in irrigation work."〔("Irrigation Congress Meets," ''New York Times,'' November 23, 1900 ) ''Access this link requires a subscription to the newspaper or its website.''〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「National Irrigation Congress」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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